Travel Vaccines and Advice for Nigeria
Nigeria is the most populated region in Africa and has the largest economy in the region.
English is one of the official languages in Nigeria, but only the upper class speak it. There are more than 500 official languages in Nigeria, which speaks to its diversity of cultures and tribes. There are more than 500 different ethnic groups that live in Nigeria.
Nigeria is divided in religion: roughly half of its population identifies as Christian and the other half, Muslim. A small part of the population practice indigenous religions.
Nigerian culture has been popularized by authors, including Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart and Nollywood (Nigeria’s version of Hollywood). Nollywood is now the second largest producers of films (quantity) in the world.
Although not the capital city of Nigeria, Lagos is the second most populous city on the continent and is a large commercial hub.
On This Page:
Do I Need Vaccines for Nigeria?
Other Ways to Stay Healthy in Nigeria
Health Notices and Outbreaks in Nigeria
Do I Need a Visa or Passport for Nigeria?
What Is the Climate Like in Nigeria?
Is It Safe to Travel to Nigeria?
Festivals and Culture in Nigeria
What Should I Take to Nigeria?
Canadian Embassy in Nigeria
Do I Need Vaccines for Nigeria?
Yes, some vaccines are recommended or required for Nigeria. The PHAC and WHO recommend the following vaccinations for Nigeria: typhoid, cholera, hepatitis A, polio, yellow fever, rabies, hepatitis B, meningitis, influenza, pneumonia, chickenpox, shingles, Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis) and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR).
See the bullets below to learn more about some of these key immunizations:
- Typhoid –
Food & Water –
Shot lasts 2 years. Oral vaccine lasts 5 years, must be able to swallow pills. Oral doses must be kept in refrigerator. - Cholera –
Food & Water –
Nigeria has confirmed cases of cholera in the following districts: Adamawa, Anambra, Bauchi, Borno, Ebonyi, Federal Capital Territory, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kogi, Kano, Katsina, Nasarawa, Niger, Plateau, Sokoto, Yobe and Zamfara. Vaccination is recommended for travel to these regions. - Hepatitis A –
Food & Water –
Recommended for most travellers. - Polio –
Food & Water –
Nigeria is one of three countries with active, wild polio transmission. Travellers are advised to ensure they have been vaccinated. Single adult booster recommended. - Yellow Fever –
Mosquito –
Required for all travellers over 9 months of age. - Rabies –
Saliva of Infected Animals –
High risk country. Vaccine recommended for long-term travellers and those who may come in contact with animals. - Hepatitis B –
Blood & Body Fluids –
Recommended for travellers to most regions. - Meningitis –
Airborne & Direct Contact –
Located in the meningitis belt, vaccination is recommended during the dry season (Dec. – June) - Influenza –
Airborne –
Vaccine components change annually. - COVID-19 –
Airborne –
Recommended for travel to all regions, both foreign and domestic. - Pneumonia –
Airborne –
Two vaccines given separately. All 65+ or immunocompromised should receive both. - Chickenpox –
Direct Contact & Airborne –
Given to those unvaccinated that did not have chickenpox. - Shingles –
Direct Contact –
Vaccine can still be given if you have had shingles. - Polio –
Food & Water –
Considered a routine vaccination for most travel itineraries. Single adult booster recommended. - TDAP (Tetanus, Diphtheria & Pertussis) –
Wounds & Airborne –
Only one adult booster of pertussis required. - Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) –
Various Vectors –
Given to anyone unvaccinated and/or born after 1957. One time adult booster recommended.
See the table below for more information:
Recommended Travel Vaccinations for Nigeria |
||
| VACCINE | HOW DISEASE SPREADS | DETAILS |
|---|---|---|
| Typhoid | Food & Water | Shot lasts 2 years. Oral vaccine lasts 5 years, must be able to swallow pills. Oral doses must be kept in refrigerator. |
| Cholera | Food & Water | Nigeria has confirmed cases of cholera in the following districts: Adamawa, Anambra, Bauchi, Borno, Ebonyi, Federal Capital Territory, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kogi, Kano, Katsina, Nasarawa, Niger, Plateau, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara. Vaccination is recommended for travel to these regions. |
| Hepatitis A | Food & Water | Recommended for most travellers. |
| Polio | Food & Water | Nigeria is one of three countries with active, wild polio transmission. Travellers are advised to ensure they have been vaccinated. Single adult booster recommended. |
| Yellow Fever | Mosquito | Required for all travellers over 9 months of age. |
| Rabies | Saliva of Infected Animals | High risk country. Vaccine recommended for long-term travellers and those who may come in contact with animals. |
| Hepatitis B | Blood & Body Fluids | Recommended for travellers to most regions. |
| Meningitis | Airborne & Direct Contact | Located in the meningitis belt, vaccination is recommended during the dry season (Dec. – June) |
Routine Vaccinations for Nigeria |
||
| VACCINE | HOW DISEASE SPREADS | DETAILS |
|---|---|---|
| Influenza | Airborne | Vaccine components change annually. |
| COVID-19 | Airborne | Recommended for travel to all regions, both foreign and domestic. |
| Pneumonia | Airborne | Two vaccines given separately. All 65+ or immunocompromised should receive both. |
| Chickenpox | Direct Contact & Airborne | Given to those unvaccinated that did not have chickenpox. |
| Shingles | Direct Contact | Vaccine can still be given if you have had shingles. |
| TDAP (Tetanus, Diphtheria & Pertussis) | Wounds & Airborne | Only one adult booster of pertussis required. |
| Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) | Various Vectors | Given to anyone unvaccinated and/or born after 1957. One time adult booster recommended. |
Specific Vaccine Information
- Typhoid – Salmonella Typhi causes typhoid, a potentially life-threatening illness spread through contaminated food and water. Vaccination is a critical preventive measure, especially for travellers heading to endemic regions or individuals with an increased risk of exposure.
- Cholera – Vibrio cholerae is responsible for cholera, a dangerous disease transmitted through contaminated water and food. Vaccination is a key preventative measure, but it must be coupled with initiatives to provide clean water, enhance sanitation, and foster hygiene practices.
- Hepatitis A – Contagious hepatitis A, caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), spreads through contaminated food, water, or close contact. Prevention involves vaccination and practicing good hygiene, particularly when travelling to high-risk areas.
- Polio – Polio, a highly infectious viral disease, is primarily transmitted through fecal-oral contact. Vaccination is the key to preventing polio, as it stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies.
- Yellow Fever – Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes, mainly Aedes aegypti and Haemagogus species. Vaccination is a key preventive measure, and the vaccine is highly effective.
- Rabies – Rabies is a deadly viral disease that affects mammals and spreads through the saliva of infected animals, primarily through bites or scratches. Preventing rabies involves vaccinating pets, avoiding contact with wild animals, and seeking immediate medical attention if exposed. The rabies vaccine is a crucial preventive measure that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against the virus.
- Hepatitis B – Hepatitis B, a liver infection spread via infected fluids, can be prevented through safe practices and vaccination. The vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies, offering strong and enduring immunity against the virus.
- Meningitis – Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, often caused by viral or bacterial infections. The meningitis vaccine protects against various strains of bacteria causing this serious condition. It is recommended for different age groups, travellers and high-risk populations.
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) – Measles, mumps, and rubella are infectious diseases that can lead to severe health issues. They are transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact. The MMR vaccine, a safe and effective immunization, is recommended by the PHAC as the best way to prevent these diseases.
Yellow Fever in Nigeria
Yellow fever is present throughout Nigeria. Travellers are advised to receive the vaccine at least 10 days before arrival in the country. As yellow fever is common in Nigeria, proof of vaccination may be required when entering another country.
Malaria in Nigeria
Malaria is present in all regions of Nigeria. Travellers are advised to take antimalarials to protect themselves from infection. Atovaquone, doxycycline, mefloquine and tafenoquine are recommended for travellers to the region. Malaria parasites in Nigeria are resistant to chloroquine. Speak with your travel health specialist to identify which antimalarial is best for your trip and medical history.
Polio is still a risk to travellers to Nigeria. Make sure your polio vaccination is up-to-date before travelling to the region.
Nigeria is in the meningitis belt, meaning there is an increased risk of infection during certain times of the year. Speak with a travel health specialist to learn if this will affect your itinerary.
Yellow fever vaccination is required for all travellers over the age of nine months. Multiple yellow fever outbreaks have occurred in Nigeria in previous years, vaccination is highly recommended.
Individuals with HIV/AIDS may not be allowed into the country as part of an effort to stop the spread of the virus within Nigeria.
Medical facilities are usually poor and most medicines are not accessible. Most doctors require payment before a procedure.
Visit our vaccinations page to learn more. Travel safely with Passport Health and schedule your appointment today by calling or book online now.
Other Ways to Stay Healthy in Nigeria
Prevent Bug Bites in Nigeria
If you get bitten by bugs, clean the area, resist scratching, and use over-the-counter remedies like hydrocortisone or antihistamines to relieve itching. Seek medical attention for severe reactions.
Food and Water Safety in Nigeria
Safeguard your health while abroad by researching local cuisine, avoiding tap water, and practicing hand hygiene. Choose reputable eateries, be cautious with ice, and drink in moderation. A travellers’ diarrhea kit is recommended for travel to all regions throughout the world.
Altitude Sickness in Nigeria
At high altitudes, altitude sickness can strike, causing symptoms like headaches and nausea due to oxygen deprivation. Preventive measures include gradual ascent, hydration, and medication like acetazolamide. If symptoms develop, swift descent to lower altitudes, rest, and medical evaluation if necessary are crucial for recovery and safety.
Infections To Be Aware of in Nigeria
- African Tick-Bite Fever – In sub-Saharan Africa, African Tick-Bite Fever (ATBF) is transmitted by ticks. Stay safe by wearing protective clothing, using insect repellent, and checking for ticks.
- Avian/Bird Flu – Avian flu, a contagious virus affecting birds and humans, can be prevented through poultry vaccination, enhanced biosecurity on farms, proper poultry handling and cooking, vigilant outbreak surveillance, and public education on the virus and its transmission.
- Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever – Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, a severe viral illness, spreads through infected ticks and direct human contact with bodily fluids. Prevention includes tick avoidance, protective measures in healthcare settings, and the development of a potential vaccine to curb its transmission.
- Dengue – According to the PHAC, dengue fever, caused by a virus from mosquito bites, manifests through fever, headaches, and severe muscle pain. Preventative measures include using insect repellent and wearing protective clothing. While no specific treatment exists, early medical intervention can mitigate severe complications.
- Lassa Fever – Lassa fever, caused by the Lassa virus, is endemic in West Africa. It spreads through contact with infected rodents and humans. Preventing Lassa fever involves practicing good hygiene, and taking precautions in healthcare settings.
- Leishmaniasis – Leishmaniasis, transmitted by sand fly bites, can be prevented by adopting protective measures such as using insect repellents, covering exposed skin, and staying indoors when sand flies are active.
- Mpox – Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a rare viral disease in Africa. It has spread to some other regions of the world. Preventive measures include avoiding infected animals or people and practicing good hygiene. Vaccination against smallpox can offer some protection.
- Schistosomiasis – Schistosomiasis, a common tropical disease, is transmitted via contaminated water. Effective prevention includes staying away from infected water sources and using protective clothing.
- Zika – Zika, a virus carried by Aedes mosquitoes, can pose risks, particularly for pregnant women. Preventing Zika requires using mosquito repellent, practicing safe sex, and getting rid of mosquito breeding sites.
Health Notices and Outbreaks in Nigeria
- Polio – Nigeria is one of many countries that has reported an instance of polio in the last 12 months. Travellers are advised to make sure their polio vaccination is up-to-date before travel to the region. Those who previously received a full set of polio immunization may need a single, lifetime booster shot.
- Diphtheria – An ongoing diphtheria outbreak in Nigeria is present in all regions except Benue and Ebonyi. Vaccination against diphtheria is essential for any planned travel to Nigeria. The PHAC also recommends avoiding contact with sick individuals, regular hand washing and seeking immediate medical attention if you feel sick upon returning home.
- Yellow Fever – A yellow fever outbreak which started in November 2020 is still ongoing. Cases are reported in Bauchi, Benue, Delta, Ebonyi and Enugu states. Travellers should receive a yellow fever vaccination before travel to Nigeria, no matter there destination in-country.
Do I Need a Visa or Passport for Nigeria?
Canadians must present a passport which is valid for at least 6 months beyond the expected departure date. A visa is required for all business, tourist, and transit purposes.
Nigeria Entry Requirements |
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| Do I Need A… | For My Trip to Nigeria? | |
|---|---|---|
| Passport |  |
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| Tourist Visa | |
|
| Business Visa | |
|
| Vaccinations | |
|
Sources: Embassy of Nigeria and Canadian Travel and Tourism
You can’t leave Nigeria unless you present them with the proper paperwork stating that you entered the country legally with a visa.
Nigerian authorities are allowed to deny entry to anyone for “undesirable medical reasons”. This can include HIV/AIDS.
What Is the Climate Like in Nigeria?
Nigeria is a country in Africa with many popular tourist destinations. The weather in these places varies depending on the location and time of year.
Lagos is a coastal city with a warm and humid climate all year round. The hottest months are from December to March, with temperatures around 30 degrees during the day. It rains a lot from April to October, with the heaviest rainfall from June to September.
Abuja is located in the center of Nigeria and has a tropical savanna climate. There are two seasons: the wet season from April to October and the dry season from November to March. During the dry season, temperatures can get very hot, up to 40 during the day.
Calabar is a coastal city in the southeast of Nigeria with a tropical climate. There are also two seasons here: the dry season from December to March and the wet season from April to November. During the wet season, there is heavy rainfall and temperatures are around 25 during the day.
Enugu is located in southeastern Nigeria and has a humid subtropical climate. There are two seasons here as well: the rainy season from April to October and the dry season from November to March. During the rainy season, there is heavy rainfall and temperatures are around 25 during the day.
It’s important to note that the weather in Nigeria can be unpredictable, so it’s a good idea to check the forecast before travelling.
Is It Safe to Travel to Nigeria?
The Canadian government currently has a travel warning in Nigeria, urging travellers not to visit the country.
There is a high presence of militant and terrorist groups in Nigeria, including Boko Haram. This heightens the risk of experiencing a terrorist attack, kidnappings, and political violence.
Other jihadist groups can be found in Borno, Kaduna, Bauchi, Yobe, and Kano.
You should avoid drinking alcohol in public.
Travellers should be extra careful around places of worship, hotels, markets and shopping malls.
Festivals and Culture in Nigeria
Avoid an Embarrassing Stop
Over 70% of travellers
will have diarrhea.
Get protected with Passport Health’s
travellers’ diarrhea kit!
If you’re looking to experience some of the many cultures of Nigeria, Enugu is an interesting place to visit for a variety of reasons.
In November, you can experience the Mmanwu Festival, a masquerade festival that showcases traditional Igbo culture and dance at the Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium. This festival is an interaction between the citizens and their ancestors. This particular festival in Enugu features masquerades from over 200 different tribes from around the region.
The festival brings a large amount of different ethnic groups together each year and is usually seen as a celebration of unity.
What Should I Take to Nigeria?
Here are some essential items to consider for your trip to Nigeria:
- Luggage lock to prevent baggage theft.
- Prescription drugs aren’t readily available in Nigeria. You should never buy drugs in Nigeria for they run the risk of being unsafe.
- Lightweight layers for the extreme temperatures and humidity.
- Avoid dark clothing as Tsetse flies are attracted to dark colors and their bites may give you African Sleeping Sickness.
- Water filter tablets to help with having safe and reliable drinking water.
Canadian Embassy in Nigeria
Canadian consular services can help travellers with many issues they may face including passport services. Once in Nigeria, the information for the Canadian Embassy is:
High Commission of Canada in Nigeria
13010G, Palm close, Diplomatic Drive,
Central Business District Abuja, Nigeria
Telephone: (011 234 9) 461-2900
If you have any questions about travelling to Nigeria or are wondering what shots you may need for your trip, schedule an appointment with your local Passport Health travel medicine clinic. Call us at or book online now! and protect yourself today.
Customer Reviews
Passport Health – Travel Vaccines for Nigeria
“Our nurse was fantastic. Our (my sister and I) appointment was thorough and easy. Our nurse was knowledgeable and friendly. Travel vaccines were given on site and painless. When we arrived at the appointment she was prepared for all the information we could possible need for our travel destinations which includes more then 6 countries in Africa. Would definitely recommend to family and friends who are doing international travel.”
“Our nurse was awesome to deal with very friendly and knowledgeable it was an overall great operation felt very comfortable and would recommend without hesitation.”
“Very friendly. Very knowledgeable about Nigeria. Very reasonable and didn’t try to over sell protection. I was very impressed.”
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