In recent years, hepatitis A has been increasing across the United States. After an initial outbreak in San Diego, other parts of the country found increased cases of the disease.

As cases increased, so did recommendations to receive the vaccine. Recent changes to the hepatitis A vaccine appear to coincide with that same dangerous rise in the disease.

The changes come after the CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) met on June 28. The new hepatitis A recommendations isn’t the only change. The ACIP also agreed on new recommendations for the meningitis B vaccine.

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It’s been in the news over recent years, and even months, but Nipah virus is still a pretty new disease.

The ailment was only discovered 21 years ago thanks to an outbreak in Malaysia. After that initial outbreak claimed over 100 lives, researchers learned the severe dangers of the virus. With 300 confirmed infections, they knew only 25 to 60% of those who get sick with the virus survive.

Which takes us to the modern day. A much larger country, India, is now worried about their own Nipah virus outbreak.

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Chronic Wasting Disease or Zombie Deer Virus, one infection has earned attention across the United States.

The Zombie Deer Virus first caused a bit of panic earlier in 2019. Although first discovered in 1967, the virus that causes a rabies or “zombie”-like affect on animals was found in almost half in 24 states.

After the initial reactions from the news and public, Zombie Deer Virus didn’t stop spreading. The illness recently reached even more regions in the US. While many are concerned about the nation’s deer population, others worry about what it could mean if CWD is transmitted to humans.

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Tourism is an important component for many economies.

While the United States ranks number one in tourism, pulling $210.7 billion per year, it did not have the most international visitors according to HowMuch.net. That title goes to the home of the Eiffel Tower and some of the world’s best cooking. France earned about 86.9 million visitors compared to the U.S. which had only 74.7 million. It is important to note that these numbers do not count for intercountry tourism.

France has held the title as “most visited” for years, but the European country may see its reign come to an end soon. By 2030 experts foresee China becoming the world’s most visited country.

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As of March 2019, an outbreak of Ebola had caused confirmed infections in almost 2,000 people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. During the same timeframe as this Ebola outbreak, India has begun a battle against the Nipah virus.

The CDC and other organizations have since helped the DRC and neighboring countries with relief efforts. They have aided with infection control, health screenings and education, and giving vaccinations.

The Ebola outbreak has prompted new research into vaccines and treatments. A recent breakthrough has resulted in a seemingly two-for-one vaccine; this vaccine has scientists hopeful they may now have a way to also prevent the Nipah virus.

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The world has been busy with virus and disease outbreaks over the last few years. It’s more than an increase in measles. Hepatitis A has also surged recently, along with yellow fever and various other new illnesses in the country.

Health officials have had a tough task handling these new disease risk. They’ve looked for completely new outlets to improve relief efforts and help those affected by the outbreaks.

Two of the most notable outbreaks in recent years were cholera in Zimbabwe and Ebola in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The cholera outbreak led to the country’s Ministry of Health declaring a state of emergency. Ebola cases in the DRC seem to grow with every new day. The virus has spiraled so out of control that it became the world’s second largest Ebola outbreak in history.

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Experimental medicine has long been a staple when it comes to treating disease.

A rudimentary smallpox inoculation centuries ago led to the first vaccine, but recently we’ve also seen many new ideas. Odor profiling is now used to find asymptomatic malaria patients and new immunotherapy techniques can expose and eliminate HIV.

But still, these experimental solutions can come from even more surprising sources. Recently, that source is muck from a partially decomposed eggplant. That treatment has already ended up playing a major role in giving life back to one young cystic fibrosis patient in 2017.

Why Did They Even Try to Use Rotten Eggplant for a Treatment?

An unusual turn-of-events led to this unexpected solution, starting in 2010. That’s when a South African University of KwaZulu-Natal student Lilli Holst submitted samples for a class studying bacteriophages. Those viruses, often referred to as phages, invade, hijack and destroy bacteria while using it as a breeding ground.

Affectionately named “Muddy”, Holst’s eggplant phage and several others were then sent from the South African school to the University of Pennsylvania. There, they joined microbiologist Graham Hatfull’s collection of bacteriophages. With an impressive 15,000 vials, the world’s largest phage collection was built from submissions sent by students all over the globe.

Seven years later, Hatfull went through countless of these bacteriophages after receiving a call to help a pair of teens, a girl and a boy, at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, England.

The young patients received double lung transplants to help fight the effects of cystic fibrosis (CF). The terminal progressive disease is known for affecting the respiratory and digestive systems. After receiving the transplants, the patients then suffered devastating bacterial infections.

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

By making the bodies’ natural mucus thicker and stickier, CF also makes this mucus harder and harder for patients to cough out. The buildup can lead to severe lung infections and difficulty breathing. Other complications can include osteoporosis, reproductive problems, diabetes and more.

Cystic fibrosis affects 30,000 people in the United States and 1,000 new cases are diagnosed every year. Medical News Today shares that 75% of these diagnoses are made in children under two years old. For those infected children, CF would have been fatal within a few years of diagnosis only 60 years ago.

There is currently no cure for cystic fibrosis and the average age of patient death is just under 40 years old. This number is continually rising over time.

In most cases, cystic fibrosis patients can enjoy a relatively normal, active life with proper management.

How Did the Experimental Phages Help These Patients?

For countless people affected by CF, lung transplants offer a life extension. As of 2013, 150 to 200 patients receive transplants every year and of these, over 50% are alive after five years.

But, even after their double lung transplants, the two London teenagers experience complications. A bacterial infection took hold in the surgical wound and beyond, causing major problems.

First the infection resisted all antibiotics. Then, it spread to the limbs, buttocks, torso, liver and skin. Doctors were forced to settle on no real hope of treatment and both patients were put on palliative care.

It was at this point that Hatfull was contacted for, as Wired writer Megan Molteni put it, a Hail Mary.

Hatfull and his team looked through his vials for the right virus to beat the infection. They settled on Muddy, which consistently eradicated the exact strain of M. abscessus bacteria which caused so many problems for traditional treatment methods.

Although, the search wasn’t quite over yet.

A “Frankenstein’s Monster” of Phages Helped Treat Cystic Fibrosis

Bacteria is a flexible fighter. It can quickly evolve to fight back against a particular phage.

Hatfull took action to prevent this from happening. He took two peaceful bacteriophages, which normally hide out in a host rather than destroying it, and deleted the gene that held them back. Hatfull then added them with Muddy to make a “phage cocktail” which would ultimately prove successful.

Unfortunately, the treatment did not come soon enough for the male teen, who died before the phage work was finished.

But for Isabelle Carnell-Holdaway, the phage therapy was a literal life-changer.

Carnell-Holdaway received a full six months of injections and topical treatments. In that time she went from being tube-fed and speaking monosyllables to resuming normal activities such as school, baking and social media. In less than a year palliative care turned into “very good general health” – thanks largely to Muddy.

The success of from this treatment can’t be replicated for every bacteria-related illness. In fact, scientists specifically note that the phages were uniquely tailored for this particular strain of the bacteria M. abcessus. But, the experimental solution could have major ramifications for more than this now 17-year-old girl. The scientific community as a whole could benefit thanks to this wildly experimental idea.

Though phages have been used to treat bacterial infections before, this is the first-ever known use of engineered phages in a human patient.

As a result, this success marks a huge triumph for those studying phage therapy. Several in the field even say they had been eagerly hearing rumors about the event for months before the press release was published in 2019.

Carnell-Holdaway herself described the victory well, saying this: “I think it’s amazing. It kind of shows that there is completely no limit to what they can come up with really.”

Had you heard of bacteriophages before? Did you know viruses could help fight infections? Let us know in the comments below, or via Facebook and Twitter.

Written for Passport Health by Katherine Meikle. Katherine is a research writer and proud first-generation British-American living in Florida, where she was born and raised. She has a passion for travel and a love of writing, which go hand-in-hand.

After a century of testing and research, we found a breakthrough with the polio vaccine in 1955. Since that time, the vaccine in some form has been used around the world to greatly reduce polio risk.

The widely-used oral vaccine has been the standard polio immunization in most countries. This immunization benefits from an attenuated form of polio within the vaccine, according to the New Scientist. When the body’s immune system recognizes the virus as an intruder, the immune system is activated and fights against the ingested “illness.”

But, we’ve also learned that polio can change over time.

This live virus is smart and has the ability to mutate, which then causes polio even though the person was vaccinated. According to Medical Express, that can happen for one in 2.7 million cases. They do go on to mention the many benefits of the oral vaccine. “It is cheap to make and easy to administer: people just swallow it.”

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Measles has been at the forefront of the news, from its rapid increase to countries forming new laws and varying opinions about the vaccine. Whether you’re looking on social media or a news site, measles is in the headlines.

Don’t expect that to change soon.

A recent study conducted by Italian scientists predicts that measles will significantly rise by 2050. Published in BMC Medicine, results showed a possible 50% rise in measles cases. Study authors Filippo Trentini, Ph. D and Piero Poletti, Ph. D concluded that some high-income countries, such as South Korea and Singapore, have already met “elimination threshold.”

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In today’s world, the poliovirus circulates in just three countries; Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria, plus a risk for the return of polio in Papua New Guinea.

That wasn’t always the case. In the last century alone polio plagued the United States.

But, the entire history of polio dates back long before there was any recorded history. It wasn’t until British physician, Michael Underwood, provided the first clinical description of the disease in 1789 that the world recognized polio as a detrimental problem.

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