We’ve already seen some steps in using nanotechnology for medicine. And after the flu, it appears the technology may also help us prevent hepatitis B.
A new study out of the Butantan Institute shows promising advances in the use of nanotechnology to help deliver the hepatitis B vaccine.
Many annual traditions are rightfully loved, but there are a few to dread every year.
Much like tax day, flu season remains one of those traditions that’s disliked by almost everyone. That’s because each year two main types of the influenza virus – types A and B – spread around the world. All it takes is droplets from a cough, sneeze or even speaking to spread the virus from person to person.
While the flu can cause various symptoms from a cough and sore throat to fatigue and body aches, it can be much worse. The flu can range from a mild illness to severe, especially in those who are at a higher risk for flu complications.
A common saying is that it’s better to be safe than sorry.
This applies to vaccines in the sense that it’s better to prevent a disease than to treat one, especially since many deadly diseases don’t have cures.
Vaccines are something that, while we have scientific proof of their importance and success, can be an overwhelming topic for new parents. According to the CDC, “newborn babies are immune to many diseases because they have antibodies they got from their mothers. However, this immunity goes away during the first year of life.”
In Quebec, doctors are utilizing a new approach to help sway these parents who are hesitant in getting their infants vaccinated.
A promising step in developing an HIV vaccine will start later this year as the pharmaceutical company, Johnson & Johnson starts testing a vaccine for the virus on human subjects.
Doctors, experts and millions of others around the world have looked for some help against this virus for decades. According to the CDC, almost 1 million people die due to AIDS every year. With new hope for the long-awaited vaccine, that number could drastically change.
Foreign travelers have likely noticed that many countries require yellow fever vaccinations. They might also need proof that a person was vaccinated. Whether that’s a card or certificate, those countries won’t let you enter without the vaccine.
But, what makes this one immunization so important?
For many countries, vaccinated visitors might mean the difference between a manageable virus and full-blown epidemics.
The CDC recently issued a travel alert for Yemen due to the country’s extensive cholera outbreak. The ongoing epidemic is already considered the worst recorded event of its kind in history – and it’s not over yet. Almost 20,000 suspected cases of the illness occurred recently in just one July week.
Overall, the epidemic has affected a considerable amount of the country: 22 out of 23 governorates and 301 out of 333 districts. From the start of the outbreak in October 2016 to June 2019, over 1.8 million potential cholera cases and 3,500 deaths have been reported.
More than 460,000 suspected cholera cases have occurred in Yemen in 2019 alone. There were 19,459 possible cases and 11 associated deaths during the one-week period between the 15th and the 21st of July.
The Philippines recently declared a national dengue epidemic due to their ongoing outbreak. In 2019 alone, the country has confirmed over 600 deaths related to the virus.
Medical experts are urging the population to seek immediate medical attention if they are suffering from any of the key symptoms. Those can include a high fever, uncontrolled vomiting, abdominal pain, or dizziness.
Dengue fever may be a mild illness most of the time, but the cases seem to be much worse here. Not only have they seen an increase in cases, but in severity as well.
If you feel like you’re always swarmed by mosquitoes more so than everyone else at the summer barbecues, you may not be wrong.
For some people, the insects just want more of their blood. But, it’s not a case of bad luck that causes such a problem. Several genetic reasons cause mosquitoes to bite some people more than others.
Before we can understand why mosquitoes bite some people more than others, it’s helpful to know why mosquitoes bite in the first place.
The most essential reason why mosquitoes bite is for egg production.
You may have heard the fun fact that only female mosquitoes bite. While that is true, it also explains why they need the blood in the first place. Female mosquitoes need the sustenance from our blood to produce their eggs.
Although, a recent study also shows that mosquitoes bite people because the insects are dehydrated and in need of a drink. This 2018 finding may have dramatic ramifications for the scientific perception of mosquitoes. Further, it may shine more of a light on their ability to spread diseases such as Zika, yellow fever, West Nile virus and others.
For more information on this key piece of research, view our article on it here.
Mosquito bites may seem like random misfortune, but according to WebMD, some people are more likely to be struck than others.
While we don’t know all the factors of what makes a prime target for mosquitoes, researchers are constantly studying the subject. They’ve since found that 85% of someone’s susceptibility to mosquito bites is due to genetics.
Body chemistry is a factor to consider for those who have higher concentrations of steroids or cholesterol on their skin preferred.
It’s important to note that a higher cholesterol doesn’t necessarily mean mosquitoes consider you a better source of blood donation. That doesn’t mean mosquitoes are only going after people with high blood cholesterol, but instead on their skin. People more efficient at processing cholesterol are generally going to have more this on their skin.
Lactic acid from sweat is something mosquitoes are drawn to as well. This means that those working up a sweat are more likely to provide a meal for a thirsty female mosquito.
Possibly the most important element to getting bitten is carbon dioxide output. Those who expel more CO2 are much more likely to find themselves fighting an onslaught of insects.
In fact, we know that mosquitoes generally find their subjects by smell with carbon dioxide being the catalyst.
Detecting carbon dioxide causes mosquitoes to beat their wings more quickly toward one target over another, even if another person may seemingly attract attention through movement. Carbon dioxide can be detected by mosquitoes from 164 feet away. While impressive, it’s also, unfortunate for anyone trying to avoid getting bitten.
Pregnant women, people of a larger size and those playing sports or doing another physical exercise are particularly attractive prey thanks to their larger expulsion of carbon dioxide. For this reason, adults are more likely to be bitten than small children.
Since they choose to bite for reasons like CO2 output, lactic acid and skin cholesterol levels, there probably isn’t much you can change by way of body chemistry to stop mosquitoes from biting you if you’re considered a prime target.
Although, following the CDC’s prevention guidelines should help:
Are you someone who gets bitten by mosquitoes more than other people you know? Did our article help you understand how mosquitoes choose their targets? Let us know in the comments below, or via Facebook and Twitter.
Written for Passport Health by Katherine Meikle. Katherine is a research writer and proud first-generation British-American living in Florida, where she was born and raised. She has a passion for travel and a love of writing, which go hand-in-hand.
It’s a simple fact of life that mosquitoes bite humans, though the reasoning behind this isn’t always clear. We’ve always considered egg production to be the key factor in the past, but studies show there’s more to mosquito bites than people think.
As many people may know, it is only female mosquitoes who bite. This is typically to get protein needed for the formation of their eggs. Because these mosquitoes can often lay over 100 eggs at a time, they understandably need a lot of protein.
Many different terms are used to describe how diseases affect public health. Words like “pandemic”, “endemic” or “epidemic” may be thrown about for the current status of an illness.
But, one you may not hear very much is “global health emergency.” The World Health Organization recently used this rare term to describe the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
This announcement had many people asking: what is a global health emergency and what makes such an event different from others?
